Cystic lesions of adrenal gland are rare and usually asymptomatic in children. Cysts usually have been found incidentally by imaging studies during an investigation of other abdominal causes. Differential diagnosis of adrenal cysts from other cystic disease may not be possible by imaging studies. Although the management of adrenal cysts is a controversial subject, surgical treatment is still important for both diagnosis and treatment. In this case report, we will discuss the surgical approach of a case with adrenal cyst detected incidentally.

Ureterocele is the dilatation of the submucosal ureter as a result of a defect in the Chwalla membrane absorption. The many types and clinical presentations of ureters present a significant challenge to clinicians. Although stone formation in the ureterocele is common in adults, it is much less common in pediatric patients. Here, we present a case report of a two-year-old boy with single-system ureteroceles containing multiple small stones.

Anterior urethral diverticulum is a rare entity. A 12 year old boy presented with poor stream, recurrent urinary tract infection and fluctuant penile swelling at penoscrotal junction. Diagnosis of anterior urethral diverticulum with the left vesicoureteral reflux was made by retrograde urethrogram and micturating cystourethrogram. A giant diverticulum requires open diverticulectomy with urethral reconstruction which was done successfully without any complication in this case.

Bladder calculi are rare in children; they are typically associated with congenital abnormalities of the bladder, foreign bodies, intestinal mucosa, or infection. There is a high risk of bladder calculi with bladder exstrophy, a rare congenital condition. Primary bladder closure is usually performed in the first days of life, but subsequent bladder calculi are associated with about 15% of bladder exstrophy repairs. We report a case of hair-bearing epithelium serving as a nidus for intravesical stone formation in a 24-year-old male who underwent exstrophy repair as an infant. Our case emphasizes need for close and continued follow-up in patients who receive bladder exstrophy repair as infants. This is the first report in the literature of hair-bearing epithelium serving as the nidus for bladder stones in this unique patient population.

Congenital H-type rectovestibular ?stula with normal anus is a rare form of anorectal malformations. In the diagnosis of a female patient with H-type fistula, history may have an important role, creating a high degree of suspicion and calling for direct careful examination of the vestibule. There is also no consensus on the optimal treatment of this rare anomaly. Here, we present the diagnosis, clinical and anatomical features, and treatment results in the cases of two girls who had an H-type fistula with normal anus.